COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease) is the infectious disease caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2.

SARS-CoV-2 stands for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. It is a new strain of coronavirus that first started causing severe disease symptoms in people around December 2019.

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause infections in the respiratory system of the human body. This is the system that takes care of breathing and includes the nose, throat, airways and lungs.

Researchers from around the world have reported that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is likely to have come from bats. Changes in the virus allowed it to spread to other animals and then eventually humans. Viruses that originally came from animals have caused many human diseases over time, including SARS, Ebola, smallpox and measles.

The disease COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world after it was first identified among people in Wuhan, China, in late 2019.

Find out more from healthdirect

At the moment the SARS-CoV-2 virus is thought to spread mainly by close contact from person to person. Some people with the virus have few or no symptoms of COVID-19 but can still pass it on.

You can catch it through:

• close contact with a person who is infectious, which includes up to 48 hours before they feel sick at all
• contact with virus-containing droplets from an infected person’s coughs, sneezes or deep breaths
• touching objects that have virus-containing droplets on them, such as doorknobs or tables, and then touching your mouth or face.

Find out more from healthdirect about how COVID-19 spreads

Find out more from the Australian Government about how COVID-19 spreads

There are five ways to avoid catching the virus or spreading it to others:

• COVID-19 vaccination (if you are able/eligible)
• Good hygiene
• Physical distancing
• Following the rules for public and social gatherings in your state or local government area
• Isolation, or quarantine, if you have the SARS-CoV-2 virus, or could have been exposed to it.

If you test positive for the virus, you will have to isolate for at least 10 days. Public health officials will trace everyone you have been in contact with and let them know they have been exposed to the virus. They will need to quarantine themselves and/or be tested.

Good hygiene

You can help slow the spread of COVID-19 and reduce your chance of becoming ill by

• washing your hands well and often with soap and water
• using alcohol-based hand sanitiser when soap and water is not available
• avoiding touching your eyes, nose and mouth
• cleaning and disinfecting surfaces you use often, such as desks, benches and doorknobs
• cleaning and disinfecting items you use often, such as phones, keys and work passes
• using contactless cards instead of keypads or cash

Find out more from the Australian Government about good hygiene for COVID-19

Physical (and social) distancing

If there is more space between you and other people, the virus can’t spread.

You can create this space by:

• staying at least 1.5 metres away from people outside your household
• observing any limits for number of people per meter squared that are required for indoor spaces
• avoiding all physical greetings such as handshakes, hugs or kisses
• refusing to enter crowded spaces
• keeping to the rules in your state or territory about visits between households. 

Find out more from the Australian Government on physical distancing for COVID-19

Limits on public and social gatherings

Limits on public and social gatherings differ between states and territories. They also change as the COVID-19 pandemic develops, and as measures start to take effect.

Find out what your state or territory’s current situation is here:

• Australian Capital Territory COVID-19 site
• New South Wales COVID-19 site
• Northern Territory COVID-19 site
• Queensland COVID-19 site
• South Australia COVID-19 site
• Tasmania COVID-19 site
• Victoria COVID-19 site
• Western Australia COVID-19 site

Find out more from healthdirect about avoiding COVID-19

Find out more from the Australian government on how to protect yourself and others

Isolation

If you have tested positive for COVID-19 , you must isolate yourself. This means, if you are well enough to stay at home, you must stay isolated until your public health authority advises that it is safe to leave isolation. Public health officers will contact you every day to check on your condition and let you know when it’s safe to return to normal activities.

If your symptoms are not improving or are getting worse, call a doctor for an urgent appointment.

If you develop a severe case, you will be isolated in hospital.

Quarantine

If you are at risk of having COVID-19, because you have been in contact with someone who has a confirmed or probable case, you have returned home from overseas, or you are entering a state or territory that has a required quarantine period, you must quarantine yourself.

This means staying isolated at home or in a hotel room for 14 days, to see if you become ill. If you have symptoms during this time, you need to be tested for COVID-19 and if the result is positive, you move into a new period of isolation.

Even if the result is negative, you should stay quarantined for 14 days.

Find out more about isolation and quarantine from the Royal Australian College of GPs

Find out more from the Australian Government about isolation

Contact tracing

In Australia, all people with confirmed COVID-19 are subject to public health contact tracing, to try and find, test and treat anyone else who might have been infected. This is an important part of combatting the pandemic.

It’s a good idea for all of us to keep a record of anyone we are spending time with, just in case it is needed. Australians have also been encouraged to download the government’s COVIDSafe smartphone app.

Find out more about the COVIDSafe app

Symptoms of COVID-19 include:

• fever
• cough
• sore throat
• tiredness
• difficulty breathing – this is an emergency symptom – call 000 immediately
• headache
• muscle pain (myalgia)
• joint pain
• loss of sense of smell (anosmia)
• distortion of sense of taste (dysgeusia)
• vomiting
• diarrhoea
• loss of appetite

Symptoms differ from person to person and for some people, may be very mild. These symptoms are not unique to COVID-19, and most people who experience some of them will have another illness, such as a cold or flu. Always speak with a doctor if you are concerned about your symptoms, especially if there is a chance you have been in contact with someone diagnosed with COVID-19.

Use the healthdirect symptom checker

If you develop any of the symptoms associated with COVID-19, or you have been in contact with a confirmed case, speak with a doctor to find out if you should have a diagnostic test. This type of testing is available across Australia. To find a clinic in your area visit:

• ACT — covid19.act.gov.au
• Qld — covid19.qld.gov.au
• NT — coronavirus.nt.gov.au
• NSW — nsw.gov.au/covid-19
• SA — covid-19.sa.gov.au
• Tas — coronavirus.tas.gov.au
• Vic — dhhs.vic.gov.au/coronavirus

If you decide to see your own GP, call first to find out the best way to get tested.

Depending on your test centre and your state or territory, you may need to get a GP referral first, and you may need to pay for the test. It’s a good idea to bring your Medicare card and some form of ID.

The test involves taking a swab from the back of your nose and throat. The swab is then sent for testing. You need to isolate yourself until you get your results.

If your test is negative, you will get a phone call or an SMS text message letting you know. If it is positive you will be called by a doctor or the Public Health Unit, and told what you need to do next.

Find out more from healthdirect about what happens when you are tested for COVID-19

If your test results are positive for COVID-19, you will be contacted by public health officials about contact tracing and you need to stay isolated to avoid passing the virus on.

If you have serious symptoms, you will need to go to hospital, where you will be isolated from other patients.

If you are well enough to be at home, you will need to isolate yourself there until public health officials tell you it’s safe for you to go back to normal activities. This will usually be at least 10 days after your first symptoms AND 3 days after all your symptoms are gone.

People who have had contact with you will have to quarantine themselves for 14 days after their last contact with you. If they develop symptoms, they will need to be tested.

Find out more from healthdirect about what happens if you test positive

The only effective treatments for COVID-19 approved in Australia are for people with severe or critical cases of the disease, who are in hospital care.

Most medical care for this condition is supportive, which means that treatment is intended to manage your symptoms and keep you going while your body clears the infection.

Most cases of COVID-19 are mild to moderate and resolve in days or weeks. Treatment for mild cases is often rest, plenty of fluids and medicines to help manage aches, pain or fever.

While most people who have COVID-19 infection recover, some people continue to experience symptoms of infection for many weeks or even months. This condition has been described as 'long COVID' and has been reported by people with mild or moderate symptoms as well as those who have had severe illness.

COVID-19 is a viral infection and antibiotics have no effect on it. Some experimental medicines are being tested in Australian hospitals. Special conditions apply to who can be part of these trials.

The best things you can do to stay healthy are:

• participate in the national COVID-19 vaccination rollout if you are able to
• maintain your usual health and medicine routines, including taking any regular medicines and seeing your doctor as normal
• get some regular exercise, fresh air and sunshine while respecting social distancing
• eat a healthy diet
• sleep well
• look after your mental health
• maintain good hygiene (eg, hand sanitising) and respect any physical distancing and mask wearing requirements.

Find out more about staying healthy during COVID-19

Other reliable information

• healthdirect: your immune system and COVID-19
• Australian Government: Looking after your mental health during coronavirus
• Beyond Blue: Coronavirus Mental Wellbeing Support Service

There are lots of good sources of reliable information about COVID-19 in Australia.

Make sure that any information you rely on or give to others is reputable and evidence-based.

Reliable medical information

• NPS MedicineWise
• Healthdirect
• Veterans'MATES 

Australian Government websites

• Australian Digital Health Agency
• What you need to know about coronavirus (COVID-19)
• Advice for aged care facilities
• Advice for schools and students

State and Territory government websites

• Australian Capital Territory COVID-19 site
• New South Wales COVID-19 site
• Northern Territory COVID-19 site
• Queensland COVID-19 site
• South Australia COVID-19 site
• Tasmania COVID-19 site
• Victoria COVID-19 site
• Western Australia COVID-19 site

Support services

• Beyond Blue Coronavirus Mental Wellbeing Support Service
• Australian Government support for individuals and households