Name of the medicine
Alendronic sodium and colecalciferol, and, calcium carbonate composite pack.
Excipients. Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram. Microcrystalline cellulose, medium chain triglycerides, gelatin, croscarmellose sodium, sucrose, colloidal anhydrous silica, magnesium stearate, butylated hydroxytoluene and povidone.
ReddyCal. Microcrystalline cellulose, crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, povidone, magnesium stearate, hypromellose, macrogol 8000, chlorophyllin-copper complex, titanium dioxide and carnauba wax. https://stagingapi.mims.com/au/public/v2/images/fullchemgif/CSALESOD.gif https://stagingapi.mims.com/au/public/v2/images/fullchemgif/CSCHOLEC.gif
Description
Alendronate sodium. Chemical name: (4-amino-1-hydroxybutylidene) bisphosphonic acid monosodium salt trihydrate. CAS: 121268-17-5. Molecular Formula: C4H12NNaO7P2.3H2O. Molecular Weight: 325.12.
Colecalciferol. Chemical name: colecalciferol (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3β-ol. CAS: 67-97-0. Molecular Formula: C27H44O. Molecular Weight: 384.6.
Calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is described chemically as carbonic acid calcium salt (1:1). The empirical formula of calcium carbonate is CaCO3 and its molecular weight is 100.09. The CAS Registry Number is 471-34-1.
Alendronate sodium is a bisphosphonate that acts as a potent, specific inhibitor of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Bisphosphonates are synthetic analogs of pyrophosphate that bind to the hydroxyapatite found in bone.
Alendronate sodium is a white or almost white, crystalline powder. It is soluble in water, very slightly soluble in methanol, practically insoluble in methylene chloride.
Colecalciferol (vitamin D3) is a secosterol that is the natural precursor of the calcium-regulating hormone calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3).
Colecalciferol is a white to almost white crystalline powder. Colecalciferol is practically insoluble in water, free soluble in alcohol, soluble in fatty oils.
ReddyMax Plus D-Cal is a composite pack containing Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram (alendronic acid (as alendronate sodium) and colecalciferol [vitamin D3]) in addition to ReddyCal tablets (calcium carbonate).
Each tablet of Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram contains 91.37 mg of alendronate sodium, which is the molar equivalent to 70 mg of alendronic acid, and 140 microgram of colecalciferol equivalent to 5600 IU vitamin D. The tablets also contain the following inactive ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, medium chain triglycerides, gelatin, croscarmellose sodium, sucrose, colloidal anhydrous silica, magnesium stearate, butylated hydroxytoluene and povidone.
Each tablet of ReddyCal contains 1250 mg calcium carbonate which is equivalent to 500 mg elemental calcium. The tablets also contain the following inactive ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, povidone, magnesium stearate, hypromellose, macrogol 8000, chlorophyllin-copper complex, titanium dioxide and carnauba wax.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamic properties. Absorption. Alendronate sodium. Alendronate is a bisphosphonate that, in animal studies, localises preferentially to sites of bone resorption, specifically under osteoclasts, and inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption with no direct effect on bone formation. Since bone formation and bone resorption are coupled, bone formation is also reduced, but less so than resorption, leading to progressive gains in bone mass (see Clinical Trials section for details). Following exposure to alendronate, normal bone is formed that incorporates alendronate into its matrix where it is pharmacologically inactive.
The relative inhibitory activities on bone resorption and mineralisation of alendronate and etidronate were compared in growing rats. The lowest dose of alendronate that interfered with bone mineralisation (leading to osteomalacia) was 6000-fold the antiresorptive dose. The corresponding safety margin for etidronate was one to one. These data indicate that, unlike etidronate, alendronate administered in therapeutic doses is highly unlikely to induce osteomalacia.
Colecalciferol. Vitamin D3 is produced in the skin by photochemical conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3 by ultraviolet light. This is followed by non-enzymatic isomerisation to vitamin D3. In the absence of adequate sunlight exposure, vitamin D3 is an essential dietary nutrient. Vitamin D3 in skin and dietary vitamin D3 (absorbed into chylomicrons) is converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the liver. Conversion to the active calcium-mobilising hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) in the kidney is stimulated by both parathyroid hormone and hypophosphataemia. The principal action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is to increase intestinal absorption of both calcium and phosphate as well as regulate serum calcium, renal calcium and phosphate excretion, bone formation and bone resorption.
Vitamin D3 is required for normal bone formation. Optimal serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are unknown. Vitamin D insufficiency may be seen with serum levels below 30 - 50 nanomol/L. Severe vitamin D deficiency is commonly associated with levels < 12.5 nanomol/L. Vitamin D insufficiency develops when both sunlight exposure and dietary intake are inadequate. Insufficiency is associated with negative calcium balance, bone loss, and increased risk of skeletal fracture. In severe cases, deficiency results in secondary hyperparathyroidism, hypophosphataemia, proximal muscle weakness and osteomalacia, further increasing the risk of falls and fractures in osteoporotic individuals. Supplemental vitamin D is associated with reduced risk of vitamin D insufficiency as defined by serum hydroxyvitamin D of < 37.5 nanomol/L.
Osteoporosis. WHO utilises the definition of osteoporosis as a disease characterised by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk. The diagnosis may be confirmed by the finding of low bone mass (for example, at least 2 standard deviations below the gender specific mean for young adults) or by the presence or history of osteoporotic fracture. It occurs in both males and females but is most common among women following the menopause, when bone turnover increases and the rate of bone resorption exceeds that of bone formation, leading to loss of bone mass.
Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Daily oral doses of alendronate in postmenopausal women produced biochemical changes indicative of dose-dependent inhibition of bone resorption, including decreases in urinary calcium and urinary markers of bone collagen degradation (such as hydroxyproline, deoxypyridinoline, and cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen). These biochemical changes returned toward baseline values as early as three weeks following the discontinuation of alendronate despite the long retention of alendronate in the skeleton.
Long-term treatment of osteoporosis with alendronate 10 mg/day (for up to five years) reduced urinary excretion of markers of bone resorption, deoxypyridinoline and cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen, by approximately 50% and 70%, respectively, to reach levels similar to those seen in healthy premenopausal women. Similar decreases were seen in patients in osteoporosis prevention studies who received alendronate 5 mg/day. The decrease in the rate of bone resorption indicated by these markers was evident as early as one month and at three to six months reached a plateau that was maintained for the entire duration of treatment with alendronate. In osteoporosis treatment studies alendronate 10 mg/day decreased the markers of bone formation, osteocalcin and total serum alkaline phosphatase, by approximately 50% and 25-30%, respectively, to reach a plateau after 6 to 12 months. Similar though slightly lower reductions in the rate of bone turnover were observed in postmenopausal women during one-year studies with alendronate once weekly 70 mg for the treatment of osteoporosis. In osteoporosis prevention studies alendronate 5 mg/day decreased these markers by approximately 40% and 15%, respectively.
Osteoporosis in men. Even though osteoporosis is less prevalent in men than in postmenopausal women, a significant proportion of osteoporotic fractures occur in men. The prevalence of vertebral deformities appears to be similar in men and women. All men with osteoporosis should be investigated for hypogonadism and, if necessary, treated for this condition. Treatment of men with osteoporosis with alendronate 10 mg/day for two years reduced urinary excretion of cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen by approximately 60% and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase by approximately 40%. Similar reductions in cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen were seen in men receiving alendronate 70 mg once weekly.
Pharmacokinetic properties. Absorption. Alendronate sodium. Relative to an intravenous (IV) reference dose, the mean oral bioavailability of alendronate in women was 0.64% for doses ranging from 5 to 70 mg when administered after an overnight fast and two hours before a standardized breakfast. There was substantial variability both within and between patients, coefficient of variation 63% and 77%, respectively. Oral bioavailability in men (0.6%) was similar to that in women.
Bioavailability was decreased similarly (by approximately 40%) whether alendronate was administered one or one-half hour before a standardized breakfast. In osteoporosis and Paget’s disease studies, alendronate was effective when administered at least 30 minutes before the first food or beverage of the day.
Bioavailability was negligible whether alendronate was administered with or up to two hours after a standardized breakfast. Concomitant administration of alendronate with coffee or orange juice reduced bioavailability by approximately 60%.
In normal subjects, oral prednisone (20 mg three times daily for five days) did not substantially alter the oral bioavailability of alendronate (alendronate alone, 0.73%; alendronate plus prednisone, 0.87%).
Colecalciferol. Following administration of alendronate sodium with colecalciferol (70 mg/70 microgram) Once Weekly Tablet after an overnight fast and two hours before a standard meal, the baseline unadjusted mean area under the serum-concentration-time curve (AUC0-120 hrs) for vitamin D3 was 296.4 nanogram-hr/mL (Geometric Mean Ratio [{GMR} alendronate sodium with colecalciferol 70 mg/70 microgram/vitamin D3 only]: 0.88; 90% CI: 0.81, 0.95). The baseline unadjusted mean maximal serum concentration (Cmax) of vitamin D3 was 5.9 nanogram/mL, [GMR (alendronate sodium with colecalciferol 70 mg/70 microgram/vitamin D3 only): 0.89; 90% CI: 0.84, 0.95] and the median time to maximal serum concentration (Tmax) was 12 hrs. The bioavailability of the 70 microgram (2800 IU) vitamin D3 in alendronate sodium with colecalciferol (70 mg/70 microgram) is similar to 70 microgram (2800 IU) vitamin D3 administered alone (using the AUC0-120 hrs and Cmax GMR values).
Following administration of alendronate sodium with colecalciferol 70 mg/140 microgram after an overnight fast and two hours before a standard meal, the mean area under the serum-concentration-time curve (AUC0-80 hrs) (unadjusted for endogenous vitamin D3 levels) for vitamin D3 was 490.2 nanogram-hr/mL (Geometric Mean Ratio [{GMR} alendronate sodium with colecalciferol 70 mg/140 microgram/vitamin D3 only]: 0.94; 90% CI 0.89, 1.00). The baseline unadjusted mean maximal serum concentration (Cmax) of vitamin D3 was 12.2 nanogram/mL, [GMR (alendronate sodium with colecalciferol 70 mg/140 microgram/vitamin D3 only 0.94; 90% CI: 0.88, 1.00] and the median time to maximal serum concentration (Tmax) was 10.6 hrs. The bioavailability of the 140 microgram (5600 IU) vitamin D3 in alendronate sodium with colecalciferol 70 mg/140 microgram is similar to 140 microgram (5600 IU) vitamin D3 administered alone (using the AUC0-80 hr and Cmax GMR values).
Calcium carbonate. Following ingestion of calcium, approximately 15 to 40% of ingested calcium is absorbed from the small intestine into the circulation. The amount absorbed is under physiological regulation based on the body's needs.
Distribution. Alendronate sodium. Preclinical studies show that alendronate transiently distributes to soft tissues following administration but is then rapidly redistributed to bone or excreted in the urine. The mean steady state volume of distribution, exclusive of bone, is at least 28 L in humans. Concentrations of alendronate in plasma following therapeutic oral doses are generally below the limits of quantification (less than 5 nanogram/mL). Protein binding in human plasma is approximately 78%.
Colecalciferol. Following absorption, vitamin D3 enters the blood as part of chylomicrons. Vitamin D3 is rapidly distributed mostly to the liver where it undergoes metabolism to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, the major storage form. Lesser amounts are distributed to adipose and muscle tissue and stored as vitamin D3 at these sites for later release into the circulation. Circulating vitamin D3 is bound to vitamin D-binding protein.
Calcium. Calcium is present throughout the body. Approximately 99% of calcium in the body is concentrated in bones and teeth. The remaining 1% is present in the intra- and extra-cellular fluids. About 50% of the total plasma calcium content is the physiologically active ionized form, 10% is complexed with citrate, phosphate or other anions, and the remaining 40% is bound to proteins, principally albumin.
Metabolism. Alendronate sodium. There is no evidence that alendronate is metabolised in animals or humans.
Colecalciferol. Vitamin D3 is rapidly metabolised by hydroxylation in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and subsequently metabolised in the kidney to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which represents the biologically active form. Further hydroxylation occurs prior to elimination. A small percentage of vitamin D3 undergoes glucuronidation prior to elimination.
Elimination. Alendronate sodium. Following a single 10 mg IV dose of [14C] alendronate, approximately 50% of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine within 72 hours and little or no radioactivity was recovered in the faeces; the renal clearance of alendronate was 71 mL/min. Plasma concentrations fell by more than 95% within 6 hours following IV administration, due to distribution to the bone and excretion in the urine. The terminal half-life in humans is estimated to exceed 10 years, reflecting release of alendronate from the skeleton. Alendronate is not excreted through the acidic or basic transport systems of the kidney in rats, and thus it is not anticipated to interfere with the excretion of other drugs by those systems in humans.
Preclinical studies show that the alendronate that is not deposited in bone is rapidly excreted in the urine. No evidence of saturation of bone uptake was found over three weeks in rats, with a cumulative IV dose of 35 mg/kg. Although no clinical information is available, it is likely that, as in animals, elimination of alendronate via the kidney will be reduced in patients with impaired renal function. Therefore, somewhat greater accumulation of alendronate in bone might be expected in patients with impaired renal function (see Dosage and Administration).
Colecalciferol. When radioactive vitamin D3 was administered to healthy subjects, the mean urinary excretion of radioactivity after 48 hours was 2.4%, and the mean faecal excretion of radioactivity after 4 days was 4.9%. In both cases, the excreted radioactivity was almost exclusively as metabolites of the parent. The mean half-life of vitamin D3 in the serum following an oral dose of alendronate 70 mg/colecalciferol 70 microgram is approximately 24 hours.
Calcium. Calcium is eliminated through renal excretion.
Clinical Trials
Treatment of osteoporosis. Alendronate sodium with colecalciferol studies. The effect of alendronate 70 mg/colecalciferol 70 microgram on vitamin D status was demonstrated in a 15-week, double-blind, multinational study of 717 osteoporotic postmenopausal women and men (serum 25 - hydroxyvitamin D at baseline: mean, 22.2 nanogram/mL [56 nanomol/L]; range, 9-90 nanogram/mL [22.5-225 nanomol/L]). Patients received alendronate 70 mg/colecalciferol 70 microgram (2800 IU) (n=350 women, 10 men) or alendronate (alendronate 70 mg (n=332 women, 25 men) once a week; additional vitamin D supplements were prohibited. Patients who were vitamin D deficient [defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D < 9 nanogram/mL (22.5 nanomol/L)] at baseline were excluded. Patients with vitamin D insufficiency at baseline were defined as having serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels between 9 nanogram/mL (22.5 nanomol/ L) and 15 nanogram/mL (37.5 nanomol/L).
The percentage of patients with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ≥ 15 nanogram/mL (37.5 nanomol/L) was significantly higher with alendronate 70 mg/colecalciferol 70 microgram vs. alendronate only (89% vs. 68%, respectively). The percentage of patients with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ≥ 9 nanogram/mL (22.5 nanomol/L) was significantly higher with alendronate 70 mg/colecalciferol 70 microgram vs. alendronate only (99% vs 87%, respectively). There were no differences in mean serum calcium, phosphate, or 24-hour urine calcium between treatment groups. The final levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D at week 15 are summarised in Table 1.
https://stagingapi.mims.com/au/public/v2/images/fulltablegif/REDMAX01.gif The effect of alendronate 70 mg/colecalciferol 70 microgram with an additional 70 microgram colecalciferol (2800 IU vitamin D3) for a total of 140 microgram colecalciferol (5600 IU vitamin D3) once weekly was compared to 70 mg/colecalciferol 70 microgram weekly in a 24-week, extension study that enrolled 652 osteoporotic men and post-menopausal women who completed the above 15-week study. Patients in the colecalciferol 70 microgram group received alendronate 70 mg/colecalciferol 70 microgram (n=305 women, 21 men) and those in the colecalciferol 140 microgram group received alendronate 70 mg /colecalciferol 70 microgram with an additional 70 microgram colecalciferol (n=314 women, 12 men) once a week; additional vitamin D supplements were allowed. The primary endpoint was incidence of hypercalciuria, defined as an increase of greater than 25% from baseline in 24-hour urine calcium and to a value greater than the upper limit of normal (300 mg in women, 350 mg in men). The rate of hypercalciuria was 13/311 (4.2%) for the colecalciferol 140 microgram group and 9/317 (2.8%) for the colecalciferol 70 microgram group, relative risk 1.48 (95% CI 0.64, 3.40).
Secondary endpoints included 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels. The proportions of patients with vitamin D insufficiency (< 37.5 nanomol/L) after 39 weeks was 10/321 (3.1%) in the colecalciferol 140 microgram group and 18/320 (5.6%) in the colecalciferol 70 microgram group.
The percentage of patients with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ≥ 15 nanogram/mL (37.5 nanomol/L) was higher with the colecalciferol 140 microgram group vs. the colecalciferol 70 microgram group (96.9% vs. 94.4%, respectively), although not statistically significant.
There were no differences detected between mean serum calcium, mean serum phosphate, or mean 24-hour urine calcium between groups. The distribution of the final levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D at week 39 is summarised in Table 2.
https://stagingapi.mims.com/au/public/v2/images/fulltablegif/REDMAX02.gif Alendronate studies. Postmenopausal women. Effect on bone mineral density. The efficacy of alendronate 10 mg once daily in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis was demonstrated in two large three year multicentre studies of virtually identical design, one performed in the United States and the other in 15 different countries (Multinational), which enrolled 478 and 516 patients, respectively. Figure 1 shows the mean increases in bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, femoral neck and trochanter in patients receiving alendronate 10 mg/day relative to placebo-treated patients at three years for each of these studies.
https://stagingapi.mims.com/au/public/v2/images/fulltablegif/REDDFIG1.gif These increases were highly significant relative both to baseline and placebo at each measurement site in each study. Increases in BMD were evident as early as three months and continued throughout the entire three years of treatment (see Figure 2 for lumbar spine results). In the two-year extension of these studies, treatment with alendronate 10 mg/day resulted in continued increases in BMD at the lumbar spine and trochanter (absolute additional increases between years 3 and 5: lumbar spine 0.94%; trochanter 0.88%). BMD at the femoral neck, forearm and total body were maintained. Thus, alendronate appears to reverse the progression of osteoporosis as assessed by increased bone mineral density. Alendronate was similarly effective regardless of age, race, baseline rate of bone turnover, renal function and use of concomitant medications.
https://stagingapi.mims.com/au/public/v2/images/fulltablegif/REDDFIG2.gif In patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis treated with alendronate 10 mg/day for one or two years the effects of treatment withdrawal were assessed. Following discontinuation, there were no further increases in bone mass and the rates of bone loss were similar to those in the placebo groups. These data indicate that continuous treatment with alendronate is required to produce progressive increases in bone mass.
The therapeutic equivalence of alendronate once weekly 70 mg (n = 519) and alendronate 10 mg daily (n=370) was demonstrated in a one-year, double-blind, multicentre study of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. The mean increases from baseline in lumbar spine BMD at one year were 5.1% (4.8, 5.4%; 95% CI) in the 70 mg once weekly group and 5.4% (5.0, 5.8%; 95% CI) in the 10 mg daily group. The two treatment groups were also similar with regard to BMD increases at other skeletal sites. While there are no placebo-controlled fracture data for the once weekly 70 mg tablet, the increases in bone density support the expectation that alendronate once weekly 70 mg will have effects to reduce the incidence of fractures similar to those of the 10 mg daily treatment (see below). The study was not designed to evaluate the relative compliance of alendronate once weekly 70 mg and 10 mg daily.
Effect on fracture incidence. Although the US and Multinational studies (see above) were not designed to assess fracture rates as the primary endpoint, preplanned analysis of the data pooled across once daily doses at three years revealed a statistically significant and clinically meaningful 48% reduction in the proportion of patients treated with alendronate experiencing one or more vertebral fractures (3.2%) relative to those treated with placebo (6.2%). Furthermore, of patients who sustained any vertebral fracture, those treated with alendronate experienced less height loss (5.9 mm vs 23.3 mm) due to a reduction in both the number and severity of fractures.
The Fracture Intervention Trial (FIT) consisted of two studies in postmenopausal women: the Three-Year Study of patients who had at least one baseline vertebral (compression) fracture and the Four-Year Study of patients with low bone mass but without baseline vertebral fracture.
Fracture intervention trial: three-year study (patients with at least one baseline vertebral fracture). This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled 2027-patient study, (alendronate n=1022; placebo, n=1005) demonstrated that treatment with alendronate resulted in clinically significant reductions in fracture incidence at three years as shown in Table 3. Data also showed statistically significant reductions in painful vertebral fractures and clinical fractures at other sites. Similar reductions of hip and wrist fractures were seen in five pooled osteoporosis treatment studies of two or three years duration.
https://stagingapi.mims.com/au/public/v2/images/fulltablegif/REDMAX03.gif Furthermore, in this population of patients with baseline vertebral fracture, treatment with alendronate significantly reduced the incidence of hospitalizations resulting from any cause (25.0% vs. 30.7%, a 20% relative risk reduction). This difference appears to be related, at least in part, to the reduction in fracture incidence.
Fracture intervention trial: four-year study (patients with low bone mass but without a baseline vertebral fracture). This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4432-patient study (alendronate, n=2214; placebo, n=2218) further demonstrated the reduction in fracture incidence due to alendronate. The intent of the study was to recruit women with osteoporosis, i.e. with a baseline femoral neck BMD at least two standard deviations below the mean for young adult women. However, due to subsequent revisions to the normative values for femoral neck BMD, 31% of patients were found not to meet this entry criterion and thus this study included both osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic women. The results are shown in Table 4 for the patients with osteoporosis.
https://stagingapi.mims.com/au/public/v2/images/fulltablegif/REDMAX04.gif Consistency of fracture results. The reductions in the incidence of vertebral fractures (alendronate vs. placebo) in the Three and Four-Year Studies of FIT were consistent with that in the combined US and Multinational (US/Mult) treatment studies (see above), in which 80% of the women did not have a vertebral fracture at baseline. During these studies, treatment with alendronate reduced the proportion of women experiencing at least one new vertebral fracture by approximately 50% (Three-Year FIT: 47% reduction, p < 0.001; Four-Year FIT: 44% reduction, p=0.001 US/Mult, 48% reduction, p=0.034). In addition, alendronate reduced the proportion of women experiencing multiple (two or more) new vertebral fractures by approximately 90% in the US/Mult and Three-Year FIT studies (p < 0.001). Thus, alendronate reduced the incidence of vertebral fractures whether or not patients had experienced a previous vertebral fracture.
Overall, these results demonstrate the consistent efficacy of alendronate in reducing the incidence of fractures, including those of the spine and hip, which are the sites of osteoporotic fracture associated with greatest morbidity.
Bone histology. Bone histology in 270 postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis treated with alendronate at doses ranging from 1 to 20 mg/day for one, two or three years revealed normal mineralisation and structure, as well as the expected decrease in bone turnover relative to placebo. These data, together with the normal bone histology and increased bone strength observed in ovariectomised rats and baboons exposed to long term alendronate treatment, indicate that bone formed during therapy with alendronate is of normal quality.
Concomitant use with oestrogen/hormone replacement therapy. The effects on BMD of treatment with alendronate 10 mg once daily and conjugated oestrogen (0.625 mg/day) either alone or in combination were assessed in a two-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of hysterectomised postmenopausal osteoporotic women (n=425). At two years, the increases in lumbar spine BMD from baseline were significantly greater with the combination (8.3%) than with either oestrogen or alendronate alone (both 6.0%).
The effects on BMD when alendronate was added to stable doses (for at least one year) of HRT (oestrogen ± progestin) were assessed in a one-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in postmenopausal osteoporotic women (n=428). The addition of alendronate 10 mg once daily to HRT produced, at one year, significantly greater increases in lumbar spine BMD (3.7%) vs. HRT alone (1.1%).
In these studies, significant increases or favourable trends in BMD for combined therapy compared with HRT alone were seen at the total hip, femoral neck, and trochanter. No significant effect was seen for total body BMD.
Men. The efficacy of alendronate 10 mg once daily in men with osteoporosis was demonstrated in a two-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study, which enrolled 241 osteoporotic men between the ages of 31 and 87 years. All patients in the study (97.5% of whom were Caucasian) had either: 1) a BMD T-score ≤ -2 at the femoral neck and ≤ -1 at the lumbar spine or 2) a baseline osteoporotic fracture and a BMD T-score of ≤ -1 at the femoral neck. At two years the mean increases relative to placebo in BMD in men receiving alendronate 10 mg daily were; lumbar spine 5.3%; femoral neck 2.6%; trochanter 3.1%; and total body 1.6% (all p ≤ 0.001). Alendronate was effective regardless of age, gonadal function, baseline rate of bone turnover, or baseline BMD. Consistent with the much larger studies in postmenopausal women, in these men alendronate 10 mg daily reduced the incidence of new vertebral fracture (post-hoc analysis; assessment by quantitative radiography) relative to placebo (0.8% vs 7.1%, respectively; p = 0.017) and correspondingly, also reduced height loss (-0.6 vs -2.4 mm, respectively; p = 0.022).
The effects of discontinuation of alendronate treatment have not been studied in this population.
Prevention of osteoporosis. For the prevention of osteoporosis, alendronate may be considered in postmenopausal women who are at risk of developing osteoporosis and for whom the desired clinical outcome is to maintain bone mass and to reduce the risk of future fracture.
Bone loss is particularly rapid in postmenopausal women younger than age 60. Risk factors often associated with the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis include early menopause; moderately low bone mass (for example, at least 1 standard deviation below the mean for healthy young adult women; thin body build and family history of osteoporosis). The presence of such risk factors may be important when considering the use of alendronate for prevention of osteoporosis.
Prevention of bone loss was demonstrated in both a two-year (n=1609) and a three-year (n=447) study of women 40-60 years of age who were at least 6 months postmenopausal. In these studies, alendronate or matching placebo was administered once daily to non-osteoporotic women (overall baseline spine BMD approximately one SD lower that the premenopausal mean BMD).
As expected, in the placebo-treated patients BMD losses of approximately 1% per year were seen at the spine, hip (femoral neck and trochanter) and total body. In contrast, alendronate 5 mg/day effectively prevented bone loss, and induced highly significant increases in bone mass at each of these sites. The mean percent increase in BMD from baseline at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, trochanter and total body at the end of the two-year study were 3.46%, 1.27%, 2.98% and 0.67%, respectively, and those at the end of the three-year study were 2.89%, 1.10%, 2.71% and 0.32%, respectively (see Figure 3).
In addition, alendronate 5 mg/day reduced the rate of bone loss in the forearm by approximately half relative to placebo. Alendronate 5 mg/day was similarly effective in this population regardless of age, time since menopause, race and baseline rate of bone turnover.
https://stagingapi.mims.com/au/public/v2/images/fulltablegif/REDDFIG3.gif In the two year study (n=1609), of 435 women willing to be randomised to an open-label oestrogen/progestin therapy subgroup, 55 in the US centres received conjugated equine oestrogens 0.625 mg daily (Premarin) in combination with medroxyprogesterone acetate 5 mg daily (Provera), whilst 55 in the European centres received higher doses of oestrogen given as 17β-oestradiol 2 mg daily in combination with norethisterone acetate 1 mg daily (10 days per 28 day cycle) (Trisequens). Only women in the European centres using Trisequens experienced increases in BMD at the spine, hip and total body that were different from those in women using alendronate 5 mg. At these centres, two-year increases in BMD at the lumbar spine were 5.1% and 3.3%, femoral neck 2.4% and 1.4%, trochanter 4.8% and 2.8%, and total body 2.6% and 0.6% in the Trisequens and alendronate 5 mg groups, respectively. Increases with Premarin and Provera in the US centres were not statistically different to those obtained with alendronate 5 mg. Both alendronate 5 mg and oestrogen/progestin therapy prevented bone loss in these non-osteoporotic women.
Bone histology was normal in the 28 patients biopsied at the end of three years who received alendronate doses of up to 10 mg/day.
Glucocorticoid - induced osteoporosis. Sustained use of glucocorticoids is commonly associated with development of osteoporosis and resulting fractures (especially vertebral, hip and rib). It occurs both in males and females of all ages. Bone loss occurs as a result of a lower rate of bone formation relative to that of bone resorption. Alendronate decreases bone resorption without directly inhibiting bone formation.
In clinical studies of one year’s duration, alendronate 5 and 10 mg/day reduced cross-linked N-telopeptides of type 1 collagen (a marker of bone resorption) by approximately 60% and reduced bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and total serum alkaline phosphatase (markers of bone formation) by approximately 25 to 30% and 12 to 15%, respectively. As a result of inhibition of bone resorption, alendronate 5 and 10 mg/day induced asymptomatic decreases in serum calcium (approximately 1%) and serum phosphate (approximately 2 to 7%).
The efficacy of alendronate 5 and 10 mg once daily in men and women receiving glucocorticoids (at least 7.5 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent) was demonstrated in two, one-year placebo controlled, double-blind, multicentre studies (n: total = 560, males = 176) of virtually identical design. Most of the patients were ambulant, caucasian and non-smokers. The study population included patients with rheumatoid arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, systemic lupus erythematosus, pemphigus, asthma, myositis, inflammatory bowel disease, giant cell arteritis, sarcoidosis, myasthenia gravis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and nephrotic syndrome. The range and duration of prior corticosteroid use in the studies was 0 to 538 months with a mean of 43.6 months and a median of 12 months. The range of prednisone dose at study commencement was 5 to 135 mg/day with a mean of 18.4 mg and a median of 10 mg daily. Fifty-seven percent of patients had osteopenia/osteoporosis at study commencement. Patients received supplemental calcium and vitamin D. At one year, the mean increases relative to placebo in BMD in patients receiving alendronate 5 mg/day from the combined studies were: lumbar spine, 2.41%; femoral neck, 2.19%; and trochanter, 1.65%. These increases were significant at each site. Total body BMD was maintained with alendronate 5 mg/day indicating that the increase in bone mass of the spine and hip did not occur at the expense of other sites. The increases in BMD with alendronate 10 mg/day were similar to those with alendronate 5 mg/day in all patients except for postmenopausal women not receiving oestrogen therapy. In these women, the increases (relative to placebo) with alendronate 10 mg/day were greater than those with alendronate 5 mg/day at the lumbar spine (4.11% vs. 1.56%) and trochanter (2.84% vs. 1.67%), but not at other sites. Alendronate was effective regardless of dose or duration of glucocorticoid use. In addition, alendronate was similarly effective regardless of age (< 65 vs. ≥ 65 years), race (Caucasian vs. other races), gender, baseline BMD, baseline bone turnover, and use with a variety of common medications.
Bone histology was normal in the 49 patients biopsied at the end of one year who received alendronate at doses of up to 10 mg/day.
Paget's disease of bone. Paget's disease of bone is a chronic, focal skeletal disorder characterised by greatly increased and disorderly bone remodelling. Excessive osteoclastic bone resorption is followed by osteoblastic new bone formation, leading to the replacement of the normal bone architecture by disorganised, enlarged and weakened bone structure.
Alendronate decreases the rate of bone resorption directly, which leads to an indirect decrease in bone formation. Alendronate 40 mg once daily for six months produced highly significant decreases in serum alkaline phosphatase, an objective measure of disease severity. Furthermore, normal lamellar bone was produced during treatment with alendronate, even where pre-existing bone was woven and disorganised.
As a result of the inhibition of bone resorption, alendronate induced generally mild, transient and asymptomatic decreases in serum calcium and phosphate.
The efficacy of alendronate 40 mg once daily for six months was demonstrated in two double-blind clinical studies of male and female patients with moderate to severe Paget's disease (alkaline phosphatase at least twice the upper limit of normal): a placebo-controlled multinational study and a US comparative study with etidronate disodium 400 mg/day. Figure 4 shows the mean percent changes from baseline in serum alkaline phosphatase for up to six months of randomised treatment.
https://stagingapi.mims.com/au/public/v2/images/fulltablegif/REDDFIG4.gif At six months, the mean percent suppression from baseline in serum alkaline phosphatase in patients treated with alendronate (-79% and -73% in the two studies) was significantly greater than that achieved with etidronate disodium 400 mg/day (-44%) and contrasted with the complete lack of response in placebo-treated patients (+8.0%). Response (defined as either normalisation of serum alkaline phosphatase or decrease from baseline ≥ 60%) occurred in approximately 85% of patients treated with alendronate in the combined studies versus 30% in the etidronate group and 0% in the placebo group. Alendronate was similarly effective irrespective of age, gender, race, renal function, concomitant medications, prior use of other bisphosphonates, or baseline alkaline phosphatase.
Indications
ReddyMax Plus D-Cal is indicated for the treatment of: Osteoporosis in select patients where vitamin D and calcium supplementation is recommended.
Prior to treatment, osteoporosis must be confirmed by: the finding of low bone mass of at least 2 standard deviations below the gender specific mean for young adults; or by the presence of osteoporotic fracture.
Contraindications
Alendronate and colecalciferol. Abnormalities of the oesophagus which delay oesophageal emptying such as stricture or achalasia.
Inability to stand or sit upright for at least 30 minutes.
Hypersensitivity to any component of this product.
Hypocalcaemia (see Precautions).
Calcium carbonate. Hypercalcaemia.
Severe hypercalciuria.
Hypersensitivity to any component of this product.
Precautions
Severe oesophageal ulceration has been reported in patients taking alendronate. See Dosage and Administration. Physicians should therefore be alert to any signs or symptoms signaling a possible oesophageal reaction. Patients should be instructed to discontinue alendronate sodium with colecalciferol and seek medical attention if they develop dysphagia, odynophagia or retrosternal pain.
General. Causes of osteoporosis other than hypogonadism, aging and glucocorticoid use should be considered. If there are clinical reasons to suspect hypocalcaemia and/or vitamin D deficiency (serum levels 25 hydroxyvitamin D < 9 nanomol/L), the appropriate diagnostic tests should be performed. Hypocalcaemia must be corrected before initiating therapy with alendronate sodium with colecalciferol (See Contraindications). Other disturbances of mineral metabolism (such as vitamin D deficiency) should also be effectively treated. In patients with these conditions, serum calcium and symptoms of hypocalcaemia should be monitored during therapy with alendronate sodium with colecalciferol. The content of vitamin D in alendronate sodium with colecalciferol (70 mg/70 microgram or 70 mg/140 microgram) is not suitable for correction of vitamin D deficiency.
Alendronate sodium with cholecalciferol (70 mg/70 microgram or 70 mg/140 microgram) should not be used as sole treatment for osteoporotic patients with a vitamin D deficiency (defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D < 9 nanogram/mL (22.5 nanomol/L) (see Clinical Trials, Alendronate sodium with cholecalciferol study).
Alendronate sodium with cholecalciferol (70 mg/70 microgram or 70 mg/140 microgram) should not be used to treat osteomalacia. Vitamin D should be used to treat osteomalacia. Alendronate sodium with cholecalciferol (70 mg/70 microgram or 70 mg/140 microgram) has not been studied in patients with vitamin D deficiency.
Small, asymptomatic decreases in serum calcium and phosphate may occur, especially in patients with Paget’s disease, in whom the pretreatment rate of bone turnover may be greatly elevated, and in patients receiving glucocorticoids, in whom calcium absorption may be decreased.
Ensuring adequate calcium and vitamin D intake is especially important in patients with Paget’s disease of bone and in patients receiving glucocorticoids.
Alendronate. Alendronate, like other bisphosphonates, may cause local irritation of the upper gastrointestinal mucosa.
Oesophageal adverse experiences, such as oesophagitis, oesophageal ulcers and oesophageal erosions, rarely followed by oesophageal stricture or perforation, have been reported in patients receiving treatment with alendronate. In some cases these have been severe and required hospitalisation.
The risk of severe oesophageal adverse experiences appears to be greater in patients who lie down after taking alendronate sodium with colecalciferol and/or who fail to swallow it with the recommended amount of water, and/or who continue to take alendronate sodium with colecalciferol after developing symptoms suggestive of oesophageal irritation. Therefore, it is very important that the full dosing instructions are provided to, and understood by, the patient (see Dosage and Administration).
While no increased risk was observed in extensive clinical trials, there have been rare (post-marketing) reports of gastric and duodenal ulcers, some severe and with complications.
Because of possible irritant effects of alendronate on the upper gastrointestinal mucosa and a potential for worsening of the underlying disease, caution should be used when alendronate sodium with colecalciferol is given to patients with active upper gastrointestinal problems, such as dysphagia, oesophageal diseases (including known Barrett's oesophagus), gastritis, duodenitis, or ulcers.
Colecalciferol. Vitamin D3 may increase the magnitude of hypercalcemia and/or hypercalciuria when administered to patients with diseases associated with unregulated overproduction of calcitriol (e.g. leukaemia, lymphoma, sarcoidosis). Urine and serum calcium should be monitored in these patients.
Patients with malabsorption may not adequately absorb vitamin D3.
Dental. Localised osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), generally associated with tooth extraction and/or local infection (including osteomyelitis) with delayed healing, has been reported rarely with oral bisphosphonates including alendronate (see Adverse Effects, Post-marketing experience). As of May 2004, ONJ after bisphosphonate treatment has been described in a total of 99 cases in two large case series, 7 of which were taking oral bisphosphonates. As of 3 Nov 2006, the Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee has received 25 reports of ONJ in patients receiving alendronate. Most reported cases of bisphosphonate-associated ONJ have been in cancer patients treated with intravenous bisphosphonates. Known risk factors for ONJ include a diagnosis of cancer, concomitant therapies (e.g. chemotherapy, radiotherapy, corticosteroids), poor oral hygiene, co-morbid disorders (e.g. periodontal and/or other pre-existing dental disease, anaemia, coagulopathy, infection) and smoking.
Prior to treatment with bisphosphonates, a dental examination with appropriate preventative dentistry should be considered in patients with possible risk factors.
Before commencing invasive dental procedures, patients and their dentist should be advised of the risks and reports of osteonecrosis of the jaw so that dental symptoms, including toothache, developing during treatment can be fully assessed for cause before treatment of the tooth commences.
For patients requiring invasive dental surgery (e.g. tooth extraction, dental implants), there are no definitive data available to establish whether discontinuation of bisphosphonate treatment reduces the risk of ONJ. Therefore clinical judgment of the treating physician and/or oral surgeon should guide the management plan, including discontinuation of bisphosphonate treatment, of each patient based on individual benefit/risk assessment.
In patients who develop ONJ while on bisphosphonate therapy, the clinical judgment of the treating physician should guide the management plan to include appropriate care by an oral surgeon and discontinuation of bisphosphonate therapy should be based on individual benefit/risk assessment. Surgery at the affected area may exacerbate the condition.
Atypical stress fractures. A small number of long-term (usually longer than three years) alendronate-treated patients developed stress fractures of the proximal femoral shaft (also known as insufficiency fractures), some of which occurred in the absence of apparent trauma. Some patients experienced prodromal pain in the affected area, often associated with imaging features of stress fracture, weeks to months before a complete fracture occurred. Approximately one third of these fractures were bilateral; therefore the contralateral femur should be examined in patients who have sustained a femoral shaft stress fracture. The number of reported cases of this condition is very low (some 40 reported cases world-wide in connection with alendronate as of 2008). Patients with suspected stress fractures should be evaluated, including evaluation for known causes and risk factors (e.g. vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption, glucocorticoid use, previous stress fracture, lower extremity arthritis or fracture, extreme or increased exercise, diabetes mellitus, chronic alcohol abuse), and receive appropriate orthopaedic care. Discontinuation of bisphosphonate therapy in patients with stress fractures is advisable pending evaluation of the patient, based on individual benefit/risk assessment. A cause and effect relationship between bisphosphonate use and stress fractures has not been excluded.
Musculoskeletal pain. Bone, joint, and/or muscle pain has been reported in patients taking bisphosphonates. In post-marketing experience, these symptoms have rarely been severe and/or incapacitating (see Adverse Effects, Post-marketing experience). The time to onset of symptoms varied from one day to several months after starting treatment. Most patients had relief of symptoms after stopping treatment. A subset had recurrence of symptoms when rechallenged with the same drug or another bisphosphonate.
Renal insufficiency. Alendronate sodium with colecalciferol (70 mg/70 microgram or 70 mg/140 microgram) are not recommended for patients with creatinine clearance < 35 mL/min (see Dosage and Administration).
Nephrolithiasis and hypercalciuria. Patients with a history of either nephrolithiasis or hypercalciuria may require special diets that limit their calcium intake. The calcium content of BoneCal should be considered when these diets are prescribed.
Dosing instructions for patients. Alendronate sodium with colecalciferol tablets. To facilitate delivery to the stomach and thus reduce the potential for oesophageal irritation patients should be instructed to swallow each tablet of alendronate sodium with colecalciferol with a full glass of water. Patients should be instructed not to lie down for at least 30 minutes and until after their first food of the day. Patients should not chew or suck on the tablet because of a potential for oropharyngeal ulceration. Patients should be specifically instructed not to take alendronate sodium with colecalciferol at bedtime or before arising for the day. Patients should be informed that failure to follow these instructions may increase their risk of oesophageal problems. Patients should be instructed that if they develop symptoms of oesophageal disease (such as difficulty or pain upon swallowing, retrosternal pain or new or worsening heartburn) they should stop taking alendronate sodium with colecalciferol and consult their physician.
Patients should be instructed that if they miss a dose of alendronate sodium with colecalciferol, they should take one tablet on the morning after they remember. They should not take two tablets on the same day but should return to taking one tablet once a week, as originally scheduled on their chosen day.
Additional instructions. ReddyMax Plus D-Cal is a composite pack consisting of 4 once weekly tablets of Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram alendronate with Colecalciferol - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram and either 24 or 48 tablets of ReddyCal. One tablet of Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram should be taken on the first day. Beginning on the next day, one or two ReddyCal tablets should be taken daily for 6 days. This 7 day cycle should be repeated each week. With this regimen Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram and ReddyCal are not taken on the same day.
The Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram component should always be taken on the same day each week, in accordance with the directions as described above. Patients should be instructed to commence the ReddyCal component on the day after the Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram tablet is taken. Patients should be instructed to take one or two tablets each day with food for the next 6 days, depending on their need for calcium supplementation.
Patients should be instructed that if they miss a dose of Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram, they should take one tablet on the morning after they remember. They should not take two tablets on the same day but should return to taking one tablet once a week, as originally scheduled on their chosen day. On the following day, they should take their next dose of ReddyCal.
Patients should be instructed that if they miss a dose of ReddyCal, they should omit that dose and continue taking the tablets on the day that they remember.
Effects on fertility. Alendronate sodium. Alendronate sodium had no effect on fertility in male and female rats at oral doses of up to 9 and 15 mg/kg/day.
No studies on the effects on fertility have been carried out using the alendronate and colecalciferol combination.
Use in pregnancy. (Category B3)
Alendronate sodium. Alendronate has not been studied in pregnant women and should not be given to them. In studies with pregnant rats, oral alendronate doses of 2 mg/kg/day and above resulted in dystocia due to maternal hypocalcaemia. Foetal weight was reduced in rats at maternal doses greater than 5 mg/kg/day. No teratogenic effects were seen in rats or rabbits at oral doses up to 25 and 35 mg/kg/day, respectively.
Colecalciferol. No data are available for colecalciferol (vitamin D3). Intramuscular administration of high doses (≥ 10,000 IU/every other day) of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) to pregnant rabbits resulted in higher incidence of foetal aortic stenosis compared to controls. Administration of vitamin D2 (40,000 IU/day) to pregnant rats resulted in neonatal death, decreased foetal weight, and impaired osteogenesis of long bones postnatally.
No studies on the reproductive toxicity potential of the alendronate and colecalciferol combination have been carried out in animals.
Use in lactation. Alendronate sodium with colecalciferol has not been studied in breast-feeding women and should not be given to them. No studies using the combination of alendronate and colecalciferol have been carried out in lactating animals.
Paediatric use. Alendronate sodium with colecalciferol has not been studied in children and should not be given to them.
Use in the elderly. In controlled trials, there was no age-related difference in the efficacy or safety profiles of alendronate sodium with colecalciferol.
Genotoxicity. Alendronate sodium. Alendronate did not cause gene mutations in bacteria or in mammalian cells in vitro, nor did it cause DNA damage in rat hepatocytes in vitro (alkaline elution assay). In assays of chromosomal damage, alendronate was weakly positive in an in vitro assay using Chinese hamster ovary cells at cytotoxic concentrations (≥ 5 mM), but was negative at IV doses up to 25 mg/kg/day (75 mg/m2) in an in vivo assay (chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow).
Colecalciferol. Calcitriol, the active hormonal metabolite of colecalciferol, was not genotoxic in the microbial mutagenesis assay with or without metabolic activation, or in an in vivo micronucleus assay in mice.
No studies on the genotoxic potential have been carried out using the alendronate and colecalciferol combination.
Carcinogenicity. Alendronate sodium. No evidence of carcinogenic effect was observed in a 105-week study in rats receiving oral doses up to 3.75 mg/kg/day and in a 92-week study in mice receiving oral doses up to 10 mg/kg/day.
The carcinogenic potential of colecalciferol alone or the alendronate and colecalciferol combination has not been studied.
Effect on laboratory tests. In double-blind, multicentre, controlled studies, asymptomatic, mild and transient decreases in serum calcium and phosphate were observed in approximately 18 and 10%, respectively, of patients taking alendronate versus approximately 12 and 3% of those taking placebo. However, the incidences of decreases in serum calcium to < 8.0 mg/dL (2.0 mM) and serum phosphate to ≤ 2.0 mg P/dL (0.65 mM) were similar in both treatment groups.
Effect on ability to drive or use machinery. No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. However, certain adverse reactions that have been reported with alendronate sodium with colecalciferol may affect some patients' ability to drive or operate machinery. Individual responses to alendronate sodium with colecalciferol may vary (see Adverse Effects).
Interactions
Alendronate sodium. If taken at the same time it is likely that calcium supplements, antacids and other oral medications will interfere with absorption of alendronate. Therefore, patients must wait at least one-half hour after taking alendronate sodium with colecalciferol (70 mg/70 microgram or 70 mg/140 microgram) before taking any other oral medication.
No other drug interactions of clinical significance are anticipated though the concomitant medication with two or more bisphosphonates cannot be recommended because of the lack of clinical data.
Concomitant use of HRT (oestrogen ± progestin) and alendronate was assessed in two clinical studies of one or two years’ duration in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Combined use of alendronate and HRT resulted in greater increases in bone mass, together with greater decreases in bone turnover, than seen with either treatment alone. In these studies, the safety and tolerability profile of the combination was consistent with those of the individual treatments (see Adverse Effects, Clinical studies, Concomitant use with oestrogen/hormone replacement therapy).
Specific interaction studies were not performed. Alendronate (10 mg and 5 mg/day) was used in studies of treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, men and glucocorticoid users, with a wide range of commonly prescribed drugs without evidence of clinical adverse interactions. In clinical studies, the incidence of upper gastrointestinal adverse events was increased in patients receiving daily therapy with dosages of alendronate greater than 10 mg and aspirin-containing products. However, this was not observed in studies with alendronate once weekly 70 mg.
Since Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID) use is associated with gastrointestinal irritation, caution should be used during concomitant use with alendronate.
Colecalciferol. Olestra, mineral oils, orlistat, and bile acid sequestrants (e.g. cholestyramine, colestipol) may impair the absorption of vitamin D. Anticonvulsants, cimetidine, and thiazides may increase the catabolism of vitamin D.
Calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate may interfere with the absorption of some concomitantly administered medications (e.g. tetracycline preparations). For this reason, the effect of calcium on the absorption of concomitantly administered medications should be reviewed.
Thiazide diuretics may reduce the urinary excretion of calcium.
Systemic glucocorticoids may reduce calcium absorption. During concomitant use with the calcium component of the product, it may be necessary to increase the amount of calcium supplementation.
Adverse effects
Clinical studies. Alendronate sodium. In clinical studies alendronate sodium was generally well tolerated. In studies of up to five years in duration, side effects, which usually were mild, generally did not require discontinuation of therapy.
Treatment of osteoporosis. Postmenopausal women. Alendronate 70 mg has been evaluated for safety in clinical studies in approximately 5000 postmenopausal patients. In two three-year, placebo controlled, double blind multicentre studies, discontinuation of therapy due to any clinical adverse experience occurred in 4.1% of 196 patients treated with alendronate 10 mg/day and 6.0% of 397 patients treated with placebo. Adverse experiences reported by the investigators as possibly, probably or definitely drug related in ≥ 1% of patients treated with either alendronate 10 mg/day or placebo are presented in Table 5.
https://stagingapi.mims.com/au/public/v2/images/fulltablegif/REDMAX05.gif Rarely, rash and erythema have occurred.
In the two-year extension (treatment years 4 and 5) of the above studies, the overall safety profile of alendronate 10 mg/day was similar to that observed during the three-year placebo-controlled period. Additionally, the proportion of patients who discontinued alendronate 10 mg/day due to any clinical adverse experience was similar to that during the first three years of the study.
In the Fracture Intervention Trial, discontinuation of therapy due to any clinical adverse experience occurred in 9.1% of 3236 patients treated with alendronate 5 mg/day for 2 years and 10 mg/day for either one or two additional years and 10.1% of 3223 patients treated with placebo. Discontinuations due to upper gastrointestinal adverse experiences were: alendronate, 3.2%; placebo, 2.7%. The overall adverse experience profile was similar to that seen in other studies with alendronate 5 or 10 mg/day.
In a one-year, double-blind, multicentre study, the overall safety and tolerability profiles of alendronate once weekly 70 mg (n = 519) and alendronate 10 mg daily (n = 370) were similar. Adverse experiences reported by the investigators as possibly, probably or definitely drug related in ≥ 1% of patients treated with either patient group are presented in Table 6.
https://stagingapi.mims.com/au/public/v2/images/fulltablegif/REDMAX06.gif Concomitant use with oestrogen/hormone replacement therapy. In two studies (of one and two years’ duration) of postmenopausal osteoporotic women (total: n=853), the safety and tolerability profile of combined treatment with alendronate 10 mg once daily and oestrogen ± progestin (n=354) was consistent with those of the individual treatments.
Men. In a two year, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre study, the safety profile of alendronate 10 mg daily in 146 men was generally similar to that seen in postmenopausal women.
Other studies in men and women. In a ten-week endoscopy study in men and women (n = 277; mean age 55 years) no difference was seen in upper gastrointestinal tract lesions between alendronate once weekly 70 mg and placebo.
In an additional one-year study in men and women (n = 335; mean age 50 years) the overall safety and tolerability profiles of alendronate once weekly 70 mg were similar to that of placebo and no difference was seen between men and women.
Prevention of osteoporosis. The safety of alendronate in postmenopausal women 40-60 years of age has been evaluated in three double-blind, placebo-controlled studies involving over 1,400 patients randomised to receive alendronate for either two or three years. In these studies, the safety and tolerability profile of alendronate 5 mg/day (n=642) was similar to that of placebo (n=648). The only adverse experience reported by the investigators as possibly, probably, or definitely drug related in ≥ 1% of patients treated with alendronate 5 mg/day and at a greater incidence than placebo was dyspepsia (alendronate, 1.9% vs. placebo, 1.7%).
Treatment and prevention of glucocorticoid - induced osteoporosis. In two, one-year, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre studies in patients receiving glucocorticoid treatment, the overall safety and tolerability profiles of alendronate 5 and 10 mg/day were generally similar to that of placebo. Adverse experiences reported by the investigators as possibly, probably or definitely drug related in ≥ 1% of patients treated with either alendronate 5 mg/day, 10 mg/day or placebo are presented in Table 7.
https://stagingapi.mims.com/au/public/v2/images/fulltablegif/REDMAX07.gif Paget's disease of bone. In clinical studies (Paget’s disease and osteoporosis), adverse experiences reported in patients taking alendronate 40 mg/day for 3-12 months were similar to those in postmenopausal women treated with alendronate 10 mg/day. However, there was an apparent increased incidence of upper gastrointestinal adverse experiences in patients taking alendronate 40 mg/day. Isolated cases of oesophagitis and gastritis resulted in discontinuation of treatment.
Additionally, musculoskeletal pain (bone, muscle or joint), which has been described in patients with Paget's disease treated with other bisphosphonates, was reported by the investigators as possibly, probably or definitely drug related in approximately 6% of patients treated with alendronate 40 mg/day versus approximately 1% of patients treated with placebo, but rarely resulted in discontinuation of therapy.
Alendronate sodium with colecalciferol. In a 15-week, double-blind, multinational study in osteoporotic postmenopausal women (n=682) and men (n=35), the safety profile of once weekly alendronate 70 mg/colecalciferol 70 microgram was similar to that of alendronate once weekly 70 mg. In the 24-week double-blind extension study in women (n=619) and men (n=33), the safety profile of alendronate 70 mg/colecalciferol 70 microgram (vitamin D3 2800 IU) administered with an additional colecalciferol 70 microgram for a total of 140 microgram colecalciferol (5600 IU vitamin D3) was similar to that of alendronate 70 mg/colecalciferol 70 microgram (2800 IU vitamin D3). The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients who developed hypercalciuria at Week 39, with 4.2% noted in the colecalciferol 140 microgram group and 2.8% in the colecalciferol 70 microgram group, which was not statistically significant. Overall, the safety profile of alendronate 70 mg/colecalciferol 70 microgram administered with 70 microgram additional colecalciferol for a total of 140 microgram colecalciferol was similar to that of alendronate/colecalciferol 70 microgram.
Alendronate sodium with colecalciferol post-marketing experience. The following adverse reactions have been reported in post-marketing use with alendronate:
Body as a whole. Hypersensitivity reactions including urticaria and rarely angioedema. Transient symptoms as in an acute-phase response (myalgia, malaise, asthenia and rarely, fever) have been reported with alendronate, typically in association with initiation of treatment. Rarely, symptomatic hypocalcaemia has occurred, generally in association with predisposing conditions. Rarely, peripheral oedema.
Gastrointestinal. Nausea, vomiting, oesophagitis, oesophageal erosions, oesophageal ulcers, rarely oesophageal stricture or perforation, and oropharyngeal ulceration and/or stomatitis; rarely, gastric or duodenal ulcers, some severe and with complications (see Precautions and Dosage and Administration). Localised osteonecrosis of the jaw, generally associated with tooth extraction and/or local infection (including osteomyelitis), often with delayed healing, has been reported rarely.
Musculoskeletal. Bone, joint, and/or muscle pain, rarely severe and/or incapacitating (see Precautions); joint swelling, atypical stress fracture (see Precautions).
Nervous system. Dizziness, vertigo, dysgeusia.
Skin. Rash (occasionally with photosensitivity), pruritus, alopecia, rarely severe skin reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Special senses. Rarely uveitis; scleritis or episcleritis.
Calcium component of product. The following adverse reactions have been described with calcium carbonate:
Constipation, flatulence, nausea, abdominal pain, hypercalcaemia, hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis.
Dosage and Administration
The Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram component of ReddyMax Plus D-Cal must be taken at least 30 minutes before the first food, beverage, or medication of the day with plain water only. Other beverages (including mineral water), food and some medications are likely to reduce the absorption of alendronate (see Interactions with Other Medicines).
The Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram component of ReddyMax Plus D-Cal should only be taken upon arising for the day. To facilitate delivery to the stomach and thus reduce the potential for oesophageal irritation, alendronate sodium with colecalciferol tablets should only be swallowed with a full glass of water.
Patients should not lie down for at least 30 minutes and until after their first food of the day. Alendronate sodium with colecalciferol should not be taken at bedtime or before arising for the day. Failure to follow these instructions may increase the risk of oesophageal adverse experiences (see Precautions).
Severe oesophageal ulceration has been reported in patients taking alendronate. See Precautions. Patients should be instructed that if they develop symptoms of oesophageal disease (such as difficulty or pain upon swallowing, retrosternal pain or new or worsening heartburn) they should stop taking alendronate sodium with colecalciferol (70 mg/70 microgram or 70 mg/140 microgram) and consult their physician.
In clinical trials, alendronate was administered with appropriate calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation. The use of vitamin D3 as the sole treatment of osteoporosis has not been established.
Patients should receive supplemental calcium and/or vitamin D3, if intake is inadequate (see Precautions). Each tablet of ReddyCal provides 500 mg elemental calcium.
Physicians should consider the vitamin D3 intake from vitamins and dietary supplements. Alendronate sodium with colecalciferol (70 mg/140 microgram) provides 140 microgram colecalciferol (5600 IU of vitamin D3) in a single once weekly dose, which is equivalent to seven daily doses of 20 microgram colecalciferol (800 IU vitamin D3). Additional supplements should not be taken at the same time of day as alendronate sodium with colecalciferol (see above).
No dosage adjustment is necessary for the elderly or for patients with mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance 35 to 60 mL/min). Alendronate sodium with colecalciferol (70 mg/70 microgram or 70 mg/140 microgram) is not recommended for patients with more severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance < 35 mL/min).
Although no specific studies have been conducted on the effects of switching patients on another therapy for osteoporosis to alendronate sodium with colecalciferol (70 mg/70 microgram or 70 mg/140 microgram), or on another therapy for Paget’s disease to alendronate, there are no known or theoretical safety concerns related to alendronate sodium with colecalciferol (70 mg/70 microgram or 70 mg/140 microgram) in patients who previously received any other antiosteoporotic or antipagetic therapy.
The recommended dose is one tablet of Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram taken once weekly. For the next six days, patients should take one or two ReddyCal tablets daily depending on their need for calcium supplementation. This 7 day cycle should be repeated each week. With this regimen Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram and ReddyCal are not taken on the same day.
The optimal duration of use has not been determined. All patients on bisphosphonate therapy should have the need for continued therapy re-evaluated on a periodic basis. (see Clinical studies).
The Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram component should always be taken on the same day each week, in accordance with the directions described above. The ReddyCal component should commence on the day after the Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram tablet is taken, with one or two tablets taken each day with food for the next 6 days. The Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram and ReddyCal tablets should never be taken at the same time.
Overdosage
Alendronate sodium. No specific information is available on the treatment of overdosage with alendronate. Hypocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia and upper gastrointestinal adverse events, such as upset stomach, heartburn, oesophagitis, gastritis, or ulcer, may result from oral overdosage. Administration of milk or antacids, to bind alendronate, should be considered.
Colecalciferol. Vitamin D toxicity has not been documented during chronic therapy in generally healthy adults at a dose less than 10,000 IU/day. In a clinical study of healthy adults, a 4000 IU daily dose of vitamin D3 for up to five months was not associated with hypercalciuria or hypercalcemia.
Calcium carbonate. Adverse effects of overdosage with calcium carbonate is unlikely due to limited intestinal absorption. However, chronic excessive dosing can lead to hypercalcaemia or hypercalciuria.
Contact the Poisons Information Centre (telephone 131 126) for advice regarding management of overdose.
Presentation
ReddyMax Plus D-Cal is a composite pack of Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram and ReddyCal tablets.
Alendronate Plus D3 - DRLA 70 mg/140 microgram, once weekly tablet is a white to off-white, modified capsule-shaped uncoated tablet, debossed with 'ADC' on one side and '56' on the other side. Available in blister packs of 4 tablets.
ReddyCal tablets, providing 500 mg elemental calcium, are capsule shaped dark green film coated tablets with a break bar on one side. Available in bottles of 24 and 48 tablets.
Storage
Store below 25°C. Protect from light and moisture. Store in the original container.
